The Swot of Emirate Group

Introduction: The Emirates Group is a highly profitable business with a turnover of approximately US$ 12 billion and over 40,000 employees. The Group comprises of Dnata, the successful Airport Ground Services and Travel Industry division, and Emirates, the Group's rapidly expanding and award winning international airline. Emirates global network now sees it flying to over 100 destinations across 6 continents, operating a modern fleet of over 130 wide-bodied aircraft.Today the Airline has orders worth over US$ 58 billion for 170 more of the latest aircraft, with plans to operate to many more destinations in the months and years ahead. Essential to our continued business success as we expand will be the ongoing employment of high quality people to join our multi-cultural team of over 150 nationalities. In addition to lifestyle and tax free salary benefits, the Emirates Group also offers professional development opportunities to help employees develop new skills and grow their careers s uccessfully. Swot AnalysisStrengths: As a competitive and globally recognized airline industry, Emirates Airline has been able to have strategic position in the global market. In fact, when Emirates Airline streamlined their business, it already had the advantage of size. With several consecutive years of multibillion profits, the company has outshined its major rival companies to become a model firm. Also, Emirates Airline’s decision to focus on diversified market and by considering and entering the cargo shipping and their customer service was a courageous one, but it has led to its current position as one of the top global brands.The firm has likewise been characterized by many analysts to have an ability to adapt to changing market conditions in order to maximize profit. Listening to and identifying with consumers has allowed Emirates Airline to construct a corporate culture that bears little resemblance to the Emirates Airline of the past. The ability to continuously ren ew and improve their service in the airline and aviation while effectively managing the needs of their target audience is the key to maintaining Emirates Airline’s leader status and the key for succeeding in having strategic position.Weaknesses: Not all of diversification and approach have been successful and this can be considered as one of the flaws or weaknesses of the company. Analysts have accused the company of focusing too much on their high-end acquisitions and diversification in spite of the risky effects of such decisions. it does not cater for a lot of places in the USA, middle class and budget travelers Opportunities: The basis for long-term competitiveness is the ability to develop continuously new generations of more advanced airline and aviation services.Therefore one of the company’s opportunities is to tap into more markets as a result of the innovations being introduced in the aviation. Localized capabilities enabling or even enhancing such co-operati on will always make a difference when it comes to first-mover advantages. The opportunity to penetrate new growth markets where internet adoption still has room to go, Leveraging Emirates Airline’s infrastructure business to get first choice and stronger position against rivals is also an opportunity.They also have the opportunity to get ahead of their rival companies, and this should be the case, since the said market is a potential sizeable source of income. The trend of considering the internet market also shows cases new opportunities for the company. Threats: Rival companies are major threats to the business. Emirates Airline, in contrast, started out in other lines of business and entered and airline capabilities of the company.The firm’s inability to keep up with innovations, or recognize its demand, creates a threat for them, a risk that they could be displaced by other industry leaders. The legal and political environment in the countries where they operate in could potentially affect the business negatively. Their apparent complacence could be used by their rival companies to their advantage, and take Emirates Airline by surprise, with the latter realizing too late that they are not the industry leader anymore

19th Century Philippines Essay

The Philippines was governed by Spain through a viceroy from Mexico. The highest office was that of the Governor-General, the chief executive of the Spanish colonial government, appointed by the Spanish king. The town is managed by a gobernadorcillo. The barangay is the smallest political unit under a cabeza de barangay. The social hierarchy was in this order: at the top were the peninsulares or the Spaniards from Spain, next were the insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines and also called Filipinos, the mestizos, born of Spanish and Chinese descent, at the bottom were the indios, the local inhabitants. A total of 300 insurections and rebellions by the Filipinos all over the achipelago were recorded in the more than 3000 years of Spanish colonialization. 19th century was defined by liberal thinking for the following reasons: 1)Mexico rebelled against Spain and this brought revolutionary thinking to Manila; 2) the opening of the Suez Canal made the trip to Manila from Europe faster thereby bringing liberal ideas to the Philippines; and 3) rise of the middle class ? Liberalism is a set of political beliefs which puts primary consideration on the freedom and rights of the individual which includes the freedom of speck, of expression and of the press. In 1869, Carlos Maria de la Torre became the first liberal governor-general of the Philippines. For two year, until 1871, he instituted liberal reforms that benefited the Filipino middle class. ?Padre Jose Burgos campaigned for the Filipinization of the parochial churches in the Philippines and asked for the expulsion of friars back to Spain. ?The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was used to condemn Frs. Burgos, Zamora, and Gomez to death by garrote or musketry. ?The martyrdom of Gomburza was winessed by Paciano Rizal, Jose’s brother. Rizal’s first novel Noli Me Tangere was dedicated to the martyred priests. Economic Conditions ?The economic policies of Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas opened the Philippines to the world market. ?These economic policies were the galleon trade and the monopolies of tobacco, wine and gambling. ?The galleon trade made Mexico Philippines’ trade partner. The route of the trade was from manila to Acapulco and back. ?From Acapulco, Mexico the Philippines got its silver and gold coins while the Philippines exported tobacco, wine, sugar and goods from China. The Philippines was the bridge of Asia to Europe and this trade allowed the emergence of the Filipino middle class composed mainly by insulares and mestizos. The encomienda system was transformed into Hacienda system wherein the vast tracks of land were devoted for the planting of single crops for export. (e. g. Ilocos for tobacco, Negros for sugar cane, etc. The first banks in the Philippines were managed by Spanish friars knows as Obras Pias. This banks lent money to the members of middle class which were used by them as capital for their export business. The first rural bank established was the Rodriguez Bank. The Mercado family was a typical middle class family of the 19th century who rented land from the Dominican friars. Social Conditions ?Schools and universities were opened and managed by Spanish friars. The most popular among them were the Ateneo de Municipal under the Jesuit fathers and Universidad de Santo Tomas under the Dominican friars. ?There were schools for boys and girls. For boys, schools teach history, languages, humanities, medicine, theology and law. While for girls, shools offer courses for dress making, home making, cooking and gardening.

Australian and Ireland Health Care System

Health care is one of the basic and central factors of consideration of any state. The 21st century is being affected directly or indirectly by a lot of deadly diseases such as cancer, heart related complications, kidney failure and HIV and AIDS pandemic. It is therefore, the responsibility of government and the United Nations to help in safeguarding the health of the corresponding nations. In this piece of work, the paper will focus on the Australian and Ireland health care system. A comparison of the two healthcare systems will be analyzed critically. Australia is located in Continental Australasia or Oceania while Ireland is in Continental Europe. These two countries fall under top ten in the best health care providers in the world (Hungerford et al, 2014). The paper will majorly dwell on the health policies, current issues, and problems faced in the delivery of services in the two nations. Moreover, comparisons and the contrast as per the health care country will also be explaine d in an explicit way in the paper. The two countries have the guarding regulations in the running of their health care. In both countries, the government majorly controls health care. In Australia, it is supervised by Australian Department for Health and Ageing (DNH) (Australia, 2006).It was formed through the Acts of Parliament in order to aid in giving the government the way things run or suggestions on what ought to be done in order to improve health care system in the country. This body was formed and implemented in the year 1984. After its implementation, the health sector in the country radically improved in both the public and the private sector. On the other hand, the government also facilitates Medicare in Ireland. It is the role of the Health Service Providers (HSP) of this nation to foresee the functionalism of the health sector and inform the government accordingly. It was founded in the year 2005 through the Act of Parliament (Lakeman, 2008) The formation was as a result of problems which had outlawed the government and thus the need for a special body was of great magnificent. In both the countries, Red Cross Society helps in delivery of blood in case an emergency arises (BRAITHWAITE,   HYDE & POPE, 2010). The main reasons behind the two states taking over the responsibility of providing and running of the health care fraternity was to prevent its citizens from over-exploitation from the private health care providers. Apart from that, the government realized that the need for provision of quality health care depends solely on their capability. Moreover, the challenges brought about by the rising cases of chronic diseases such as cancer was looming and thus the need to act swiftly was required. Australia and Ireland also wanted to be like other nations whom the role of running health care fraternity was the responsibility of the government. In both the nations, legal and ethical health care of the ageing population is involuntary. The old people have the right to whether accept to be taken to nursing home to spend the rest days of their lives or to remain at home. One realizes that, in both countries, the old people do not welcome the idea of being raised in nursing home. Most would like to spend their dying age at home since they feel comfortable because it is the place they have always been. According to statistics carried out, most feel that they are isolated by their children and the society when taken to nursing homes. Besides, women were found as the ones who preferred to be in nursing home as compared to their counterparts the male. It is estimated that 5% of the population in ageing stage live in nursing homes prior to their death. The retention and use of human biological contents in both countries is considered. This biological sample such has kidneys of the diseased or heart or even the entire body is allowed by their respective countries to be used as control experiments for testing of drugs among other medical tests. Despite of it being constituted, it is faced with a lot of ethical challenges. It is countenanced by the wider competing public interest as a result of its potential value. Human body parts are very expensive and rarely found and thus the relatives and the public take this as an opportunity to get back into the government financially. Additionally, some people are very religious to an extent that they believe in respect for the death. This makes them not to allow any body part of their deceased to be used in biological process. This has raised a lot of alarm and slowed down the medical research. Both countries have a constituted mental health law. According to this regulation, the persons of unsound mind are subject to detention in safe places in order to avoid causing of problems in the society in the event where the disease takes control of their capability. It is recommended that they are taken good care by the medical expertise during such times. It is also required that the predicament should be quite serious before one is taken to the hospital for the unsound. This is because in the case whereby one is subjected to that treatment and the problem is not that complicated the probability of committing suicide or being depressed is inevitable. It was also documented that before one is confined, the history of persistence in the disorder is provided. People who show that the unsound person had continuously shown the signs and symptoms are put into consideration since the evidence shows that one will be completely sick. In addition to that, the insane person is also given th e voice to talk on whether to be detained or not. It should be a voluntary decision especially for persons of maturity age and those who used to live a normal life in the past. Both nations are strict on how these groups of people are handled by the medical personnel (Mckenna, Keeney & Hasson, 2008). Patients’ autonomy policy is also a regulation governing the medical fraternity in both states. The patients have the ability to state that they want to be treated by whom, and the mode of treatment they should receive. They also have the freedom of engaging with the health care provider in relation to their health problem and on a wider range of issues. The patient also chooses which medication to be given and no medical personnel can force or compel a patient to take medications in which one does not want. The ill person can also dictate on the place one want to be treated from. This can be at home, school or place of work and the doctor has to follow without complaining and failing to do so; medical provider is subject to imprisonment. This is because it is seen as breaking the law (GALLEGO, CASEY, NORMAN & GOODALL, 2010) Permissibility of death is also discussed at length in the health constitution of these countries. A person who does not show any sign of recovering and i s suffering too much can be suppressed to die by the medics. This is only done in the event where the relatives agreed upon it and show it in writing and signing. This clause has received a lot of debate from humanitarian agents since life is very fundamental. According to Jones (2007), one should be allowed to die in peace instead of injecting drugs to discontinue life. Reproductive health and maternal health care also caries lot of weight in the health policy of the two nations. Mothers and girls have the privilege to deliver in hospitals of their choice. The parties involved should be specialized in order to avoid a complication, which comes with delivering. Both countries provide these services free of charge to all in any of its public hospitals. However, in the private sector, they subsidize this service in order to reach all at a cheaper and comfortable way. Another big concern is on the abortion-related matters (Milgrom, Heaton & Timothy Newton, 2013). The doctors have the mandate to perform abortion to the client given the state of the mother and the fetus is in danger. This faces serious ethical and legal concerns from humanitarian organizations. This is because most people believe that doctors have reached an extent of performing such for client of unwanted pregnancies brought about by unscrupulous behavior. Their respective governments are mandated with the task of financing the medical fraternity of Australia and Ireland. In Australia for instance, it is estimated that 1.5% of income levied from both Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and National Domestic Product (NDP) of the country is used in financing the health sector (Mckenna, Keeney & Hasson, 2009). The government of this country also has separate pharmaceuticals, which are state owned. This assists its citizens in purchasing of drugs at a cheaper price. However, in the point of excess the patient pays own medications unless one is privileged to have medical insurance. Similarly, the government of Ireland also provides health care free to its citizens. It is estimated that health care is financed through taxation of 2% of wages received by the working population. This money is used to improve health facilities and for purchasing of drugs used in treating patients in the hospitals. Furthermore, a patient pays for one’s medicatio n on point of excesses unless one has medical insurance. Children and dependent spouses receive medication free of charge in all hospitals. Australian and Irelands are provided medical care universally by their respective governments without discrimination on social class and so on (Embrett, Randall, Longo, Nguyen & Mulvale, 2016) Cost of technology is one of the major current issues affecting the health fraternity in both countries. The innovation of machines such has x-rays, chemotherapy equipment, and kidney dialysis machines have caused more than enough problems in the medical fraternity. These machines are subject to breakage, the manner of using is also very complicated since most doctors, and nurses’ capacity of using is still below the estimated quality. This has made these nations to spend too much in changing and training of medics on how to use the so equipment. Another current issue affecting this nation’s healthcare is equity for health provision countrywide. Despite of these being implemented countrywide, it is noted that only those people of high class such has politicians have the privilege to access quality health care. According to research carried out in one of the hospitals in Ireland, it was realized that there is a special ward, which is used in treating of dignitaries and t hose people who are wealth. Moreover, the way they are handled is special as compared to ordinary citizens. These menaces need an immediate address otherwise; the entire health sector will soon diminish (Kowalchuk, 2011). The pandemic brought about by chronic diseases is also seriously eating on the government. This has majorly being as a result of change in demography. The working population is bound to contract chronic disease and thus the spending on medical care on the government and the dependent population escalates. This leads to much spending on unprofitable ventures and in return the concentration on nation building matters are left in the hand of international donors such world bank (RIPPON, 2000). The degree on persistence on quality and safety concerns in the health sector is looming in both countries. This is as a result of serious reparations a nation is bound to face in case one fails to provide quality health care as required by World Health Organization (WHO) (Metcalf et al, 2016). This has caused immense struggle among them in order to meet these standards. This in the long run paralyses other important sectors of the economy and pulls back the economy of a nation. Besides, the cost of providing health increases day by day (MOHRMAN & SHANI, 2010). This is attributed to continuous change in climatic conditions making most people to be vulnerable to diseases. This causes a massive expenditure by the government and their citizens. The problem emanating from uncertainties on how to balance between public and private health care fraternities is strongly hitting on the government. Most private investors more so the doctors have realized that health fraternity is very profitab le. This has caused majority of them to compete with the government in this field. Some have even left their jobs in public sector to run their own business (MITCHELL, 2009). This has caused a big gap which is needed to be filled as soon as   possible otherwise the tyranny of health care will fail the sooner. Governments from the two countries experiences big problems while trying to bring about balance in these two sectors providing health (VAN, CLARKE, SAVAGE E & HALL, 2008). According to Varley (2016), primary health is defined as health provided at the grass root level. It is provided by different groups both qualified or unqualified health providers. The similarity between the two nations is that both of them have this method of running health care facility in place. It is majorly provided at home or a region where a large population is concentrated. The parties involved are the government, private and non-governmental organizations. Their main agenda is to deal with factors such has drug abuse, asthma, and cancer and sex educations. This is because a person needs holistic health, social welfare, and educational needs (VAN, CLARKE, SAVAGE & HALL, 2008) The difference in primary care between Australia and Ireland in that, Ireland is specific on the geographical location a number to be administered by a certain group of health personnel. It is estimated that they should deal with a population ranging 7000 to 10,000. On the other hand, Australian bases on the communities or social sites without any specific number of persons being targeted. In both the countries, health care is provided equally to all citizens free of charge. Every citizen is subjected to be treated in any public hospital where one specifies without a big deal. In this universal health, the government finances through taxes from the wages and incomes of the working population (Liamputtong, 2011). The patient pays the excess amount required in medical care or the insurance if at all one has subscribed to any. This distinctive feature between these two countries as far as universal health care is concerned is that, in Australia, the government owns pharmaceuticals outlet, which are used by the common citizens to buy drugs (McMurray & Clendon, 2014). This was intended to prevent overexploitation since majority of private organizations sell at a high price, which is not affordable to the common citizen. On the other hand, the Ireland government does not have such projects and thus their citizens solely depends the private sectors. The living standards of majority of citizens of these nations have been constantly doing well and have improved tremendously. This is because when one is healthy, everything sounds good and even morale of working or doing business is negotiable. However, according to international reports health care in Australia is far much better than that of Ireland (Guzys & Petrie, 2013). This is because the dedication extends of Australian medics is of high magnitude as compared to Ireland. Health care is paramount to all citizens. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that their citizens have quality health care in order to counter on the challenges brought by disease pandemic. Moreover, the nations should work together in helping structure health care across the eight world continents in order to reduce human suffering caused by diseases. Australia. (2006). Aged care in Australia. Canberra, A.C.T.: Dept. of Health and Ageing. Biswas, R., Sturmberg, J., Martin, C. M., Ganesh, A. U. J., Umakanth, S. U. J., & Lee, E. W. H. (January 01, 2011). Persistent Clinical Encounters in User Driven E-Health Care. Braithwaite, J., Hyde, P., & POPE, C. (2010).  Culture and climate in health care organizations. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=578807. Embrett, M. G., Randall, G. E., Longo, C. J., Nguyen, T., & Mulvale, G. (2016). Effectiveness of Health System Services and Programs for Youth to Adult Transitions in Mental Health Care: A Systematic Review of Academic Literature. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.43, 259-269. Gallego G, Casey R, NORMAN R, & GOODALL S. (2011). Introduction and uptake of new medical technologies in the Australian health care system: a qualitative study.Health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands).  102, 2-3. Guzys, D., & Petrie, E. (2013). An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hungerford, C., Hodgson, D., Clancy, R., Monisse-Redman, M., Bostwick, R., & Jones, T. (2014). Mental health care: An introduction for health professionals in Australia. Jones, D. A., & Roy, C. (2007). Nursing knowledge development and clinical practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Kowalchuk, L. (2011). Multisectoral Movement Alliances and Media Access: Salvadoran Newspaper Coverage of the Health Care Struggle. Latin American Politics and Society. 52, 107-135. Lakeman, R. (2008). Family and carer participation in mental health care: perspectives of consumers and carers in hospital and home care settings. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 15, 203-211. Liamputtong, P. (November 03, 2011). Folk healing and health care practices in Britain and Ireland: Stethoscopes, wands and crystals. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33, 7, 1114-1115. McMurray, A., & Clendon, J. (2014). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. 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SoÃÅ'ˆDerbaÃÅ'ˆCk, M., Coyne, I., & Harder, M. (2011). The importance of including both a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   child perspective and the child's perspective within health care settings to provide truly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   child-centred care.  Journal of Child Health Care.  15, 99-106. Van Doorslaer E, Clarke P, Savage E, & Hall J. (2008). Horizontal inequities in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Australia's mixed public/private health care system.  Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands).  86, 97-108. Varley, E. (June 01, 2016). Abandonments, Solidarities and Logics of Care: Hospitals as Sites of Sectarian Conflict in Gilgit-Baltistan. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry : an International Journal of Cross-Cultural Healthresearch, 40, 2, 159-180. Getting academic assistance from

Finance crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance crisis - Essay Example The history was documented in various forms which later communicated with the succeeding civilisation and revealed the history. With the roll of time various means of communication were discovered and put to use by man. In the present age which is driven by technology, it provides more than one means of communication that makes communication all the more easy and dynamic in nature. Besides, newspapers, magazines, journals, television, the moving pictures are also a means of communication which could be used by the communication for far reaching consequences. One of the many forms of moving pictures use for communication is the documentaries. According to the words of International Documentary Association, a documentary is a form of moving pictures which is non-fictitious in nature and which is primarily used for documenting reality. The audio and visual elements make documentaries even more appealing and add credibility to the document that it features. In the present technology driv en age it is one of the most important and popular means of communication with a larger appeal. ... e entire world economy during 2008 and beyond took shape from an economy which was known as one of the most stabilized economies and peaceful land among the world economies. According to Keynes (1936) the smooth flowing world economy was destabilized during the late 2000s and such a scenario was seen in Iceland for the very first time and even in the world. Krugman (2008) explains economic crisis is one the retarding factors that have pulled down the steep growth of the world economy including the subsequent growth of the smaller economies which have gained a new impetus in the growth of their economies. Kothari (2010) defines economic crisis as a collection of varied circumstances that results in the huge loss of the nominal value of their financial assets. He further explains that an organisation or a company has a number of stakeholders who are directly or indirectly related to the organisation or company through a financial relation. An economic crisis turns a company into a drie d well of financial resources and a result the stakeholders of the company even suffers through immense lack of financial resources. According to the observations of Kothari (2010) the economic crisis faced by the entire world has turned a disturbingly huge number of people jobless and thus penniless. People all over the world lost their jobs while others bargained for the job in exchange of one of the most meager sum of money. As more and more people turned jobless the chaos and panic regarding being jobless seemed to engulf them over a long time. He further elucidated the different kinds of economic crisis. Firstly it is the banking crisis where the depositors of the respective banks immediately ask for returning their deposited money. The bank faces a crisis over the availability of the

Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper Essay

Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper - Essay Example Thirty years have passed since the completion of Tuskegee Syphilis Study, however, the society is still horrified with the unethical treatment of minorities group under this study. Recently, President Bush has addressed the public with the speech in which he has apologized for the actions of medical professionals for shifting the health dangers to specific minority groups. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was conducted for forty years (1932-1972) with 400 poor and illiterate African Americans became part of it. This study has arisen many debates in society with the majority labeling it as unethical. First, the study was conducted without the proper care to its subjects and has resulted in the changes in how the patients are protected if they participated in medical researches. Second, not a single person has given an informed consent and was not informed about the diagnosis. These people who have agreed to participate were told that they have bad blood and are able to receive the free treatment (Gray, 1998). It is hardly possible for the similar situation to occur today because the research participants are not only protected by ethics, but by the law as well. Not a single study will start if the participants have not given the informed consent and are aware about all possible outcomes and side effects of acquired disease and treatment procedure. Of course, it is not always possible to predict all possible effects of the tested treatments and their impact on the human body (the medical research is conducted in the struggle to find out the more effective treatment), however, it is possible to predict some of the effects and the participants should be informed about them. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the continuation of the Oslo Study (1928) with the only difference that Oslo study was retrospective - the health professionals have studied the patients who have already contracted syphilis and remained untreated for some time, while under Tuskegee study was prospective - the health professionals could observe and study the patients (nothing could be done therapeutically). Eventually the study has become the longest experiment on human beings in the medical history in the result of which 74 individuals have remained alive, 28 males have died directly because of syphilis, 100 died because of complications, 40 wives have been infected and 19 children were born with syphilis (Jones, 1993). It is obvious that the initial goal to benefit the society was not accomplished and the primary objective of all health professionals - do not harm - has been rudely violated. Dozens of healthy people have been infected intentionally and the harm made to their health and future lives cannot be underestimated. In the further investigation of the conducted research, many interesting details have become known to public. For example, in order to ensure that the patients will show up for the expected diagnosis, all of them have received the misleading letter promising the special free treatment. In addition, all of the participants had to undergo autopsy after death even though nothing was said about this requirement in the beginning. As the result, many of the patients did not receive the treatment they needed - health professionals just observed the fatal progression of the diseases - in other words, doctors observed whether their patients

The hardness of different materials by Rockwell scale Lab Report

The hardness of different materials by Rockwell scale - Lab Report Example The obtained data is consistent to the hardness tester calibrations. The experiment was done through performing the different tests on metals having the hardness that is known. There was a close similarity between the experimental values and the published values of hardness. From the results, it is evidenced that cast iron was the hardest material followed by 1018 steel, brass and lastly aluminium. Aluminium is considered to be relatively durable, soft, lightweight, malleable and ductile metal having an appearance that ranges from silver towards dull grey. Its appearance is dependent on the roughness surface. Aluminium is nonmagnetic and has a low potential for ignition. An aluminium fresh field acts as a good visible light reflector and a delightful reflector of far and medium infrared radiations. Pure aluminium has the yield strength of 7 to 11 MPa whereas its alloy has a yield strength of about 200MPa-600MPa. Studies conducted on the hardness of aluminium found out that aluminium ’s hardness is one third that of steel. This research argued out that aluminium was less hard than steel. The hardness of cast iron was close to that of 1018 steel.On the other hand, the hardness of brass changes according to its treatment and preparation and treatment. The hardness may reduce whenever the annealation is done at temperatures that are elevated (Zhang 2). The acoustic and malleability characteristics of brass make the metal be extremely useful in musical instruments such as trumpets (Anyalebechi 2).  

Monitoring and Evaluating a Strategic Plan Assignment

Monitoring and Evaluating a Strategic Plan - Assignment Example In addition, this is a variable tool for managing the implementation process of a strategic plan (Bryson, 2004). It also facilitates determination of the resources that are required and those that are available in order to bridge the gap that would cause failure of the strategic plan. On the other hand, the evaluation process involves a comparison of the actual project agonist the effects of agreed strategic plan (Shapiro, 2012). Moreover, this focuses on the objectives of that should be accomplished by through the implementation process. Therefore, to Americare organization, the evaluation of their strategic plans implementation process is formative. In fact, the evaluation process facilitates improvement of the strategic plans functions. Moreover, it can be regarded summative in situation where they are learning from their fully implemented strategic plans. Nonetheless, the other aspect of strategic plan, which is monitored and evaluated is the performance, whereby a manager should keep track of the process through which various objectives are achieved (Bryson & Alston, 2005). On the other hand, the managers should sure that they are comparing the performance of the strategic plan with other completed

American History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History - Research Paper Example Another disagreement was on the subject of the size of the new nation. The federalists claimed that it was both probable and desirable-to-desirable to set up a republican style of government in a large territory. James Madison a member of federalist party claimed that the freedom, and the rights of people would be more safe in an â€Å"extended republic† that is an area that covers a large geographical area in addition to people with diverse interests, taste and opinions (Morton, 2006). According to Madison in such a republic, it would be hard for a majority faction to exist and oppress the unpopular minorities. The anti-federalists opposed by claiming that a true republic is required to be small to permit citizens to participate directly in their government. They refused the federalists’ suggestion for an extended republic and a national government that would be ultimate within the boundaries put by the constitution. They claimed that this would permit the government t o accrue more and more power therefore chances of threatening public liberty would be high. In the end, the opposing sides were able to come up with a concession; the current constitution has both federalists and anti-federalists opinions and principles (Morton, 2006). Most of the cases, the differences separating the anti-federalist and federalists mostly resulted from degree rather than principle. Describe and analyze the wartime experiences of the Revolution and the effects on women, salves and natives. The wartime experiences made a number of changes to the roles of women. Before the war, women were regarded as housekeepers and mothers, but during the war, women were left to be the head of their families as their men went to war. The women could use creativity and talents to come up with ways of survival. Even after the war, revolution had taken place and many women embraced the new roles and were involved in farming, businesses and taking care of their homes (Berkin, 2010). Man y slaves were freed during the revolution. A number of African Americans opted to serve the Britons in the hopes of getting freedom and chose to live with them in the end. Majority of the slaves chose to move to British, West Indies and others moved to Canada and Africa. The natives were also affected by the post war revolutionary period. Ever since the separation line was dissolved white settlers started to deluge what had in the past been known Native American territory. This resulted to disputes and strife with groups for instance, â€Å"the Cherokees of the Appalachian Mountains and the Shawnees of Ohio† (Berkin, 2010). The revolution was considered vicious towards the Native American population as a whole. Slaves filled many roles within the slave system. Compare and contrast the roles played and lives led by field workers, the house servant and the artisan. Did any of the three fare better that the others under the slave system? Why or why not? The main difference betwe en field workers, and artisans was in the role they played within their work jurisdiction. Artisans worked near the slave master’s house and they got to interact with the master. House servants were not many in number and most of the times they developed a close relationship with the master of the house. House

Mechanical Properties of Loading Arm Research Paper

Mechanical Properties of Loading Arm - Research Paper Example The export of oil is one of the inherent activities that earn the country a revenue to maintain a good standard of living. However, the revenue delivered may not be optimum especially when considering the rate of wear and tear occuring in the loading arms. The signficance of including loading arm in this study is because it represent an equipment used in shipping oil the production process. This triggered the main objective of the study which was to study the spare part, packing, for its association to the worrying problem of leaking petrols at the ports. The accessment of the spare part provides possible solution because it gives more information about the various parts that susceptible to damage in the loading arm. Further, the background of the study resulted from the urge to reduce the delay problems caused by the probability of mechanical breakdowns occuring when loadin gas products at the ports. In case of gas products, the problem causes havoc at the ports since the customer h ave to be stopped from the moving, to assure them of safety transactions. The effect of the breakdown on the customers add to the weight of this study, which was to perfom experiment on the sealant (parking in the loading arm) and extract results useful in providing probable solutions. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the experiment involved the use of three instruments in studyign the spare part. The three instruments used included The CSM Tribometers, mechanical tensile testing machine and Differential scanning calorimetry.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Assignment 2 - Essay Example As well as in Hosea 3:1, wherein the passage goes: â€Å"The Lord said to me, ‘Go, show your love to your wife again, though she is loved by another and is an adulteress. Love her as the Lord loves the Israelites, though they turn to other gods and love the sacred raisin cakes.’† In the Old Testament, the Israelites repeatedly rejected God and did wrong, but God continued to love them, and all other people. God’s character and actions show that He makes a covenant with His people to love them continuously, yet inspire fear in them so that they may not turn away from Him; and those who do His bidding will be rewarded in the highest form, just as stated in Jeremiah 32:40-41. Even those whom God may seem to speak against are still loved by Him, just as it is in Jeremiah 31:20, which say: â€Å"‘Is not Ephraim my dear son, the child in whom I delight? Though I often speak against him, I still remember him. Therefore my heart yearns for him; I have great compassion for him,’ declares the Lord.† Much is made of God’s wrath in the Old Testament, however, when He punishes, he does with reluctance – which still shows His love for His people. Lamentations 3:31-33 writes â€Å"For the Lord will not reject forever. Although he causes grief, he will have compassion according to the abundance of his steadfast love; for he does not willingly afflict or grieve anyone.† Such of God’s character is also evident in Ezekiel 18:31-32 wherein God asks His people to repent. To repent and live, so that He may not punish them, for He takes no pleasure in punishing them. He asks them to rid themselves of their offenses and get a new heart and spirit. God often pleads the Israelites to repent so that He may give them blessings. Anyone who was experiencing God’s punishments could end it immediately just by simply repenting. In the Old Testament, Jesus has not come yet, and therefore God arranged for His

Deer hunting is a good thing Essay Example for Free

Deer hunting is a good thing Essay You’re driving home from a movie with your best friends and you’re doing about 60 on a country road you’ve known all your life. All of a sudden, out of your peripheral view, you see a couple of deer heading straight for your cars path. You hit the brake to try to avoid them and narrowly miss. You think to yourself how lucky you are that you didn’t hit one. What you didn’t know is the couple of deer you saw used to be a pack of 4 deer. A week earlier, two different hunters each took a deer from that herd. If it wasn’t for the hunters, you probably would’ve hit at least one deer. Deer  hunting isn’t as bad as it is portrayed to be! Hunting controls the deer population and along with predator population and the number of accidents involving deer decrease because of good ethical hunting. You would be amazed at how fast deer reproduce! According to Steve Johnson from The Deer Hunting Guide, during early November to early December is a period called the rut. There are three periods of the rut. The first is called â€Å"the pre-rut†. Bailey 2 Beginning in late summer or early autumn the blood flow to a buck’s soft antlers stop; they then harden or calcify. The whitetail buck rubs small trees to remove the velvet  on his antlers which is now drying up and beginning to shed. A buck will also scent marking trees by rubbing them with the pre-orbital glands located in his forehead and back legs, marking his home area. The rubbing of trees is also a way of strengthening a whitetail’s neck. This prepares him for upcoming light fighting sessions with other buck’s to show his authority to the local deer herd. This is how the buck will attract does and reproduce. Also, according to LeAnn Spencer from the Chicago deer hunting magazine, it happens every year and about 1. 2 million baby deer are born. But, along  with that, it is estimated that 1. 1 million deer are hunted every year. In the early 1900’s, deer were hunted down to 500,000. A deer hunting ban was placed in the U. S to let the population grow and today we have 20-25 million. Without hunting, deer population rose 4,000 % in less than 100 years, so it is a good idea to start conservation. Have you ever been in an accident involving deer? Well, you are definitely not alone! Lin Doris speaks out from animalrights. com: â€Å"In Michigan alone, $130 million is spent a year just repairing car accidents involving deer. Along with that, 5,000  people are killed. It is an obvious problem that could be easily fixed. † So many lives and money is lost. And people have a tough time realizing why the U. S is in such bad debt! My point by saying all this is decreasing deer population by hunting is a good way of deer conservation and it leads to less crashes and lives and money lost. Bailey 3 Not many people know as much as to what other animals are affected by the deer population growing and shrinking suddenly. It is explained well in the ‘Benefits of Hunting Deer’ section on ehow. com. If you think about it, if the deer population increases, then the predators that prey on deer will thrive due to good food supply. Even more accidents happen to things that prey on deer! It might not be as much, but it is still an unneeded thing. Also, increasing any animal’s population will cause it to spread out to different areas for habitat. One of these places may be a city where people are everywhere. Needless to say there are very stupid people in this world and they will do stupid things to animals. Any animal is not afraid to defend itself and you would be surprised at their strength. People could get very hurt being so up close and personal to animals. Therefore, decreasing deer population also decreases predator count; decreasing accidents, money lost, etc. (Chavis) It is easy to see that there are many positive aspects to deer hunting! Deer hunting doesn’t only affect the deer population; it decreases other animal’s populations and keeps animals health in check. Next time you narrowly miss a deer in a car, think of a hunter. Or, next time you kill a nice deer, you can go home knowing you fed your family along with possibly saving a life. It’s a win/win situation! Bailey 4 Bailey 5 Bailey 6 http://www. the-deer-hunting-guide. com/strategies/hunting-deer-the-rut/.

Death in the stranger and night Essay Example for Free

Death in the stranger and night Essay Before Meursault dies, he talks about his philosophy, and how he thinks the universe works. In this philosophical rant that he trails on, he says that nothing really matters in his life, or in anyones life. He begins to understand the actions of his mother towards the end of her life, and says that he understands the actions of the universe, and actually says the universe is like a brother. As if that blind rage had washed me clean, rid me of hope; for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world. Finding it so much like myself-so like a brother, really-I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again. (122-123). Meursaults indifference to his own death once again represents Camus philosophy that death is simply an action that needs to be carried out at the end of life. This especially represents Camus philosophy since Meursault had been representing the philosophy of Camus in the pages beforehand, which means that Camus most likely holds this attitude towards death, which is what is being broadcast through this book. In Night, the most important death that occurs in the book, among the many that are referenced, is the death of Elies father. Both before and after his fathers death, Elie is extremely attached to his father, emotionally. He takes his relationship with his father so seriously that he says I had to stay at Buchenwald until April eleventh. I have nothing to say of my life during this period. It no longer mattered. After my fathers death, nothing could touch me any more. (107) This shows that Elie is extremely attached to his father, since his fathers death drives him to apathy towards his life. He takes the death of his father extremely seriously. The importance of his fathers life to him is shown through his continued attempts to keep him alive. In example, the head of Elies block tells him Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. Instead of heeding the mans advice, Elie decides he will keep on trying to save his father by feeding him his rations of soup and bread. This shows that Elies view on death is a personal one. He views death as a loss to the living. He very much cares about the fate of the dead, and would very much have them stay alive than die. The representation of death in the two novels represents the attitude towards death held by the two cultures that the books represent. The Stranger, or Letranger, in the original French, represents French culture, since Albert Camus, who is really an Algerian, was greatly influenced by the French. Since Algeria was a French colony at the time that The Stranger written, French and Algerian culture in the sense of their philosophy on death is really the same. Night represents Eastern-European Jewish culture, seeing as Elie Wiesel, a Jew born and raised in Eastern Europe, wrote the novel and portrayed other Eastern-European Jews in it. Albert Camus novel The Stranger, and Elie Wiesels memoir Night both represented death in two very different ways. Albert Camus, through The Stranger portrayed death as a natural action that had to happen to every person at some time in his or her life, and should not be taken as seriously as it is. Elie Wiesel, through Night, argued that death should be taken seriously, as should the dying.

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay The Great Exhibition of 1851 in The Crystal Palace at Hyde Park was arguably the pinnacle of showing off Victorian Britain (in all its might, power, status, splendour and beauty) all in the luxury and elegance as befitted the worlds greatest empire and power at the height of the British Empire. It was a marvellous opportunity and event to showcase (in nationalistic patriotistic pride) great science and technological advances of Britain to (and for the first time) to both international and domestic countries. The exhibition was meant to showcase and highlight and illuminate how young, exciting and inspirational Victorian Britain was and how it was full of great ideas and innovations- some of which were worldwide firsts and to be treasured and valued highly. The honour and glory of Victorian Britain was on full public display and every class was somehow affected and involved. This essay will examine, describe and critically evaluate and explain the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 185 1 which specific and special attention to science and technological impacts. The elite landed and titled upper and middle classes tended overwhelmingly to dominate and form the majority in high society events and exhibits such as the great science and technology on display at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was no exception to this rule. Specifically this essay will discuss the collection that was made and redisplayed when the original exhibition closed; other exhibitions that followed in other cities; the development of the various museums around South Kensington in London; also the development of various educational institutions and museums around South Kensington (including the Science Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum), partly because of the money made (the exhibition was a great success) and the fact that they had to do something with the exhibits which exhibitors didnt want to take back, and also the string of international exhibitions following the 1851 one (e.g., i n Paris etc) where e.g., electricity etc were displayed excitingly. The legacy of the Great Exhibition has been too narrowly researched and studied and to get a sense of the legacy of the Great Exhibition we have to cast the net wide  [1]  . Even though the Exhibition was popular and successful apathy and disinterest did increase at such a highly organised culture  [2]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and aims were not fully met. Specifically and especially and particularly on the legacy for science museums to science grew in number and spread and  [3]  The legacy of the Crystal Palace suggests once again that Victorian science was not really a value-free search for natural truths- instead it was an enterprise that engaged God and capitalism, entertainment and commerce, the moral and the useful, science and show The effects on technology were instrumental too; The Great Exhibition broke down barriers and obstacles of secrecy and privacy that had for ages stopped the growth of the transitional spread of technical informati on across businesses and organisations. They were also a value-free place for new technologies to be showcased, tested live and promoted and judged and brought and publicised.  [4]  Punch tried so hard to degrade and poke fun and discredit and devalue the Great Exhibition of 1851 due to its racism, oppression and domination and the rampant big gap between the richer and poorer but Nevertheless, it cannot forget that popular opinion finds the Exhibition exciting and amazing and Punch, in the end, cannot escape the popular nationalist rhetoric of dominant Great Exhibition commentaries  [5]  . The Exhibition also had darker meanings it was already at work in half-hidden ways rewriting and transforming that culture  [6]  and internal displacement and dispossession  [7]  and .Hidden darker meanings and purposes behind the bright, light, facades (as a distraction and rouse).  [8]  Overall, the great ideals of Prince Albert were ultimately finally successful in time and space Prince Alberts dream of an international centre celebrating the arts and sciences has been achieved, through the determination and dedication of those who served the Commission over the intervening century and a half, either as members or officers. They have created the world-class museums of art and science which he wanted to see, founded in the wake of the successful international exhibition, and colleges in both cultures now train students from all over the world. Albertopolis celebrates its founders ideals and ambitions for his adopted country, but also exemplifies the truly international quality of the man himself and the institutions he created.  [9]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and ambitions may have been lofty and some thought unattainable were in time gradually became realistic and attainable and achievable as the Prince was not naive and too ambitious he was actually as well also pragmatic methodical and sensible who kept in touch with real world practical applications as well as making grand bold claims. Changing perceptions and realities were instrumental to the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The socio-economic climate changed so much in the Victorian Period that fashions came and went. Eventually, around the turn of the century, the Crystal Palace euphoria began to wane. This was partly to do with changing notions of recreation, which no longer revolved around education, and partly the result of a wider education in support for Victorian values like free trade and cosmopolitanism which the Exhibition had propounded, and which had given the building symbolic value  [10]  The science and technology legacy of the Great Exhibition was a great forerunner and forethought and started the increasing modernisation and industrialisation of modern contemporary Britain  [11]  The main significance of the Great Exhibition was that it helped to harness the forces of industrialisation and, by making them acceptable, promote them in Britain and the world. There were many different groups involved in the event, and the aims of the Exhibition were various and often contradictory. In total, however, they represented a push for modernisation that helped overcome obstacles which still existed mid-century. This process continues down to the present. This type of rhetoric created for the first time in support of the Exhibition is still used to support technological progress, industrialisation, and globalisation today. The Great Exhibition was a dramatic contribution to the creation of the modern industrialised society in which we live.  [12]   Linked and mixed within the legacy of the Great Exhibition is not just science and technology but also inevitably and inexorably linked is the religious perception and reality. Most of the strong religious opposition to the exhibition dated from the late 1850 and the early months of 1851 but had largely disappeared by the time of the grand opening. Even some of the periodicals that had earlier criticized the exhibition changed their opinion after the official opening and participated in the widespread euphoria and optimism that the exhibition engendered.  [13]  Most religious factions gave in and joined in the celebrations of the 1851 Great Exhibition. this crucial disparity allowed many religious contemporaries to hail the Exhibition as a religious event, while others, including most historians, view it as a thoroughly secular celebration of technology, industry, and commerce  [14]  Odd mixture of a religious or entirely politically non religious event. that energetically so ught to evangelize among the visitors- demonstrated that they came to view the Exhibition as a crucially important event and one that required a decisive religious response.  [15]  Religion needed to be strongly represented and heard at the great exhibition of 1851. Thus while the organizers portrayed the Exhibition as a vehicle to disseminate peace and international brotherhood, many evangelicals perceived it as a prime opportunity to trumpet the pre-eminence of Protestantism and of England.  [16]  Indeed, for many of these writers the Exhibition served as an imperfect but humanly graspable model of the New Jerusalem. Most Christians, far from rejecting the Great Exhibition, welcomed it Could be seen as a great example of best practice for the whole world.  [17]  Thus while Catholics saw the Exhibition .oppression, the Anglo-Jewish elite perceived the successes of Jews in the Exhibition as legitimating the equality of the Jews at the height of the arguments over emancip ation. Secularists appeared to have been divided over the value of the Exhibition, with Owen in particular using it to propagate his messiac vision, while more radical Socialists saw only its social dangersBut for all three groups the Exhibition raised the issue of identity, as they struggled to position themselves in the religious landscapes of the mid-century.  [18]  Catholics saw it as exclusionary and exclusive; Jews saw it as a great opportunity to gain respect and admiration. Secularists had mixed views. Owen used it as a platform for his own views, opinions and ideals while other more radical people saw it only as subversive and dangerousmost of all it was a search for a concrete purpose for existence at all for religious groups. Like a number of other pacifists, Burritt considered that the Exhibition marked the start of a new era in world history, when the aura of peace and international cooperation would displace the old world of warring nations. While human willpower h ad an important role to play in ushering this new age, Burritts vision was deeply religious. The gathering of the nations in London was part of a divinely ordained plan and the fulfillment of prophecy. A new age was just beginning  [19]  Burritt and other such pacifists believed a new world order would come based on the lofty ideals of cooperation, respect, and peace and love rather than vicious factions ready for war forming and creating intense rivalries in naval and army power. Prince Albert not only stressed the importance of advancing industry and commerce through the exhibition, but also set this notion of material progress firmly within a religious frame. He envisaged the Exhibition as a divinely ordained event that would display Gods creation, advance Christianity, and engender both moral improvement and international peace  [20]  Prince Albert in greatly advocating and backing and supporting and patronising the Great Exhibition of 1851 believed it would be instrumen tal to the scientific and technological advancements moving forwards but within a secular way. This study has shown that many different aspects of religion entered the frame and that the Great Exhibition of 1851 cannot simply be portrayed as a secular event but also heralded an important moment in the religious world of early Victorian England. As one contemporary (John Stoughton) stated The Crystal Palace was a Monument of Christianity, From this perspective the significance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 lay in its profound yet multiple religious meanings.  [21]  So, The Great Exhibition of 1851, therefore, in conclusion, was a very important event not just for science and technology but for religion also too and that the varied and mixed responses highlight and illuminate this. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the step to further equality and breaking down of barriers to the lower socio-economic groups who beforehand could only dream and wish of being close to the upper echelons of society were now in direct contact with them at the Great Exhibition of 1851,  [22]  The Crystal Palace was an apt if unconscious symbol of this new state of affairs: the walls were all of glass but the lower orders were now inside, joining in the funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bradford had such high quality  [23]  materials that it got prizes and awards. The mass movement of population streaming into London was followed in communities all across the country. It soon became apparent that 1851 would see by far the biggest influx of visitors that the capital had ever been required to endure. And many of its citizens were beginning to view the prospect with trepidation, even outright alarm  [24]  The upper classes and aristocracy feared in a very real and apparent way social revolu tion by the more lively and energetic revolting and dissenting lower classes and feared their dominance and strength and power may diminish and so it was very important to impose order and control.  [25]  There were late objections and difficulties by the exhibitors.  [26]  At least worries about the security and steadiness of the building were reducing  [27]  The Exhibitions were a colourful, varied mixture of real finds of great beauty or complexity or good practical applications but some were just for show in there by luck and chance and good fortune  [28]  . The British science and technology on display was the best most cutting edge of the period but also frivolous tat and educating others about how our natural resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fuel our role as a leading manufacturing nation..  [29]  There was the first real attempt to introduce foreign more exotic food and drink in the Great Exhibition of 1851 with regional dishes from all around the world. Although economically a failure Soyers Symposium was the first tentative step towards the cosmopolitainisation and worldwide influence on the English taste buds  [30]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 did not start the process of international cooperation and harmony as lots had feverishly wished for But it did herald changes in British society far more profound than its promoters could ever have imaginedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [31]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 somehow rallied together and strengthened and renewed and revived and refreshed a trust and faith and belief in the goodness of the monarchist system. There was a real reluctance and resistance to leaving for a few.  [32]  The legacy continued for the next three decades at least, as The Crystal Palace held regularly scheduled events and activities such as world record attempts, animal shows and all different kinds of exhibits and fairs such as floral shows and such like so on. Its last grand large scale event was the 1911 Festival o f Empire.  [33]  In 1851 the wonder and excitement at such a new and exciting Exhibition was very real and matchless. There were a succession and series of Great Exhibitions and Worlds Fairs from 1851 to 1939 never matching in a real way the grandeur and splendour or popularity or success of the initial landmark 1851 Great Exhibition. Exhibitions grew in strength and power and number in a way that was both gradual and hesitant but also was going to happen whether or not regardless of circumstance or situation  [34]  Exhibitions were both very expensive to run, but also had amazing potential as a centre for business and earning economic potential. They were intended to distract, indoctrinate, and unify a population  [35]  The Imperial displays at exhibitions filled a role which had been relentlessly demeaned undermined or sentimentalised since the fall of the orthodoxy conservative. European society and culture was very mixed up and muddled and conflicting and differing and confused in its intentions and purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The coming together of contradictory values at the exhibitions, w hereby positive notions of progress were buttressed against organised oppression and exploitation, says much about the plural morality in operation throughout European culture at the time. Ultimately, as with a vast number of cultural artefacts, it must be concluded that the exhibitions embodied neither good nor evil in any simple sense but were a complex mixture of bothà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [36]  The Exhibitors rather than breaking down inequality and hatred maybe even strengthened and increased the endemic racism and exploitation and oppression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one of the few levels where European Society operated in the absence of class was in the domain of racial prejudice. Messages phrased in consistent manner to all levels of society affirmed the inferiority of coloured peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with little good coming out of them in social, moral, or intellectual terms.  [37]  Before World War Two nations were able to put aside differences to exhibit together. Rather than culti vating understandings and cooperations as time went by nations refused and objected to exhibit with rival ideologies especially and particularly after WW2.  [38]  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No international understanding, no growth of human fellowship, no reconciliation of peoples or nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [39]  Art and fashion and architecture and design have gone downhill in quality and inventiveness and originality after WW2.  [40]  There was no massive greater equality for women in the twentieth century with regards to women exhibiting and being exhibited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In fact this has not been the case, much of the twentieth century being little better than the nineteenth in terms of the presence of women artists in expositions, galleries and museumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [41]  It was wrong to overstate or over exaggerate The Fine Arts role in exhibitions and worlds fairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Having said this, without the fine arts, as elite and rarified as they were prone to be, the exhibitions would have lacked one of the conceptual elements which keep them perennially interestingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [42]   The outward image the exhibition gave was very important and was negotiated and compromised and debated over at length and breadth. What should be clear though from the outset is that the exhibition lacked any crude or fixed ideology. Rather, its organisation reflects many different objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [43]  Rather than universally maintained with the British people, they turned to the idea with scepticism and distrust and criticism. Britons did not immediately support the idea, as outcries over the contract and the building should have been made clear. Resolving these disputes was only a stop gap measure for the organisers, at best, an exercise in damage control (had to act as mediators and peacekeepers)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Critical to the success of the exhibition would be the commissions ability to sell the plan to the public in a positive way, to promote and publicise the exhibition to the entire nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [44]  The Great Exhibition was not just an isolated metaphorical event but it had purpose and meaning too and it had to be marketed, branded and promoted for it to be a success but it was not just an ideological tool for increasing nationalism and patriotism as its meanings it projected were mixed and unstable.  [45]  The Great Exhibition recemented and reminded of Britains high and special and grand status of a leading scientific and technological nation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It meant hand-crafted as much as machine-made goods. It mean small-scale as much as large-scale production. And it meant finding a balance of both arts and manufacturers, of commerce and cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [46]  The Great Exhibition showed that even though Britain was deeply split in socio-economic and cultural and political terms it was still united There was in a sense, both integration and segregation..  [47]  There was an altogether more darker and sinister and revealing and illuminating other alternative purpose to the Exhibition that instead of all being about peace and love and harmony and reversing barriers that pre existed to greater integration and cooperation the population at large also saw it as a great competition to promote British greatness and its own meanings for existence by making fun of exotic other countries though humiliation, demonization and oppression and exploitation. Its greatest most lasting legacy was that it was greatly highly valued and treasured and famous internationally and domestically. From its construction in 1854 until its destruction in 1936, the Crystal Palace in Sydenham, far more than the memory of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park remained an enduring symbol of the nation. It was the icon that foreigners such as Dostoyevsky and Taine and nationals such as Disraeli and Gissing pointed to as the barometer of Britains successes and failures, its character and orientation  [48]  There was no single unified meaning or purpose to the exhibition as the purposes and meanings were flexible and changed through time and space. For some it symbolised progression (and a nation at the height of strength, influence and power); for others it stood for all that was incorrect with Victorian Society (such as the extravagance and inequality and opulent luxuriousness and racism and oppression and exploitation). For some it was the eighth wonder of the world, an Arabian nights palace; for others it was ugly, full of old things. All of these debates, both at the time of the exhibition and since, have really been about the nature, or identity, of Britain. That the exhibition put Britain on display there is little doubt. What is, and always will be, open to question is just which visions and versions of Britain it exhibited.  [49]   The Great Exhibition carefully and methodically projected Britain to the wider world somewhat illogically. What Britain was was open to debate, negotiation and discussion. It was a chance and opportunity to reflect in a fair and accurate way to the world what Britain was like to live and work in and how it was seen to the world was of prime importance. Peoples perception at large of Britain (at the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851) needed to match the realities of living and working in Britain in the Victorian Period. Overall, it was a massive opportunity to market, promote, brand, and sell Britain as a destination to the world (internationally) like never before rather than just to the British residents (domestically and locally). The Great Exhibition therefore needed to be grand, theatrical, over the top, large, and popular and entertaining as well as teaching and learning and informing and educating the wider population. It had a difficult and challenging balancing act to jugg le and master. Greeces inclusion and partaking involvement in The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a extraordinary, amazing, surprising, unusual and odd due to its old fashioned conditions and very little growth expansion and progress rate and circumstances and situations of the Victorian Era and how backwards Greece was.  [50]  Americas involvement won over the hearts and minds of the doubters and deniers of America as a nation and it demanded attention and respect and admiration.  [51]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 was unsurprisingly not the first Great Exhibition and in the 1810s to 1840s the lower socio-economic groups of society in the Institutes of the professions and working class labourers in the metropolitan and provincial areas formed their own fairs and exhibitions  [52]  . In conclusion, the 1851 Great Exhibition can be seen as a great watershed moment. The Victorian love affair and obsession with the public display and pageantry in galleries, museums and exhibitions (both public and private) had always been present but 1851 kick started and accelerated and increased an explosion of new activities and events in the display of science and technology and it was seen as a great success. The Great Exhibition of 1851 touched society in cultural, political, religious and social ways but it would take many more further future generations to see full equality (on gender, racial and class lines) be fully achieved. The Great Exhibition of 1851 especially and particularly was just one tentative hesitant event on the long road to changing society (in the rich tapestry of broader life). To fully erase and eradicate the dominance and subservience in Victorian society and culture (which was so widespread and commonplace) would take radical and far reaching new though ts and feelings and new laws, rules, governance and statutes. The greatest legacy of this one exhibition (upon reflection) is the continuing formalisation and institutionalisation of science and technology and the widening of public education in science and technology and the growing fascination and appreciation and respect and admiration of science and technology more generally. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Great Britain sought to prove its own dominance and preeminence.

Nickel Essay -- essays research papers

Nickel is one of the most important elements on the periodic table. It has plenty of history, as well as a huge importance to society. Its has unique chemical, physical, and geological properties. Nickel is used commercially in abundance, as it is used anywhere from simple art products such as ceramics to complex structures such as tubing for desalination plants. It is even used in the American five-cent coin, the "nickel".Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, in Sweden, during the year 1751. Mr. Cronstedt discovered nickel in a mineral called niccolite. He originally planned to extract copper from this new mineral but got none at all. This is why nickel, at first, was called "false copper". Instead, Cronstedt got a silvery-white metal, which was eventually used for other things. The origin of the name "nickel" is a derivative from the German word "kupfernickel", meaning "Devil's Copper" or "St. Nicholas's Copper".The chemical properties of nickel are as follows: Nickel has the atomic number of twenty-eight. The atomic symbol of nickel, "Ni". It has the atomic weight (mass) of 58.70, to be exact, 58.693. It occurs in five stable isotopes. Physically, nickel is a lustrous silvery-white and takes on a hard polish. It is a hard metal, malleable, ductile, and slightly ferromagnetic. Its melting point is at 2651 degrees F, and its boiling point is at 5275 degrees F. Also, nickel is a fairly goo...

Can Haiti be Saved? Essay -- Countries of The World

Introduction Haiti is most commonly referred to as the poorest nation in the western hemisphere with 80% of its population living in poverty. The country is plagued with the misfortunes of natural disasters, a history of extensive debts, and a poor social system. When looking at the country today, there seems to be little productivity. However, most are unaware that Haiti was once one of the richest colonies in the New World. Much like today, the exports were agricultural and textile products such as tobacco, cocoa beans, coffee, fruit, and cotton. As opposed to being viewed as a failed state, Haiti was France’s prized possession, named the â€Å"Pearl of the Antilles†. The colony was extremely profitable as a result of the slave trade and produced more than half of the world’s sugar (Watkins, 2012). The country today is a stark contrast. In the following paper, I will discuss how Haiti became a developing nation. Additionally, I will analyze several of the Haitiâ₠¬â„¢s current economic policies and their hindrance on the further development of the country. Background In order to understand Haiti’s current economic situation, it is important to know about the country’s past. As stated previously, Haiti was once referred to as the Pearl of the Antilles. However, the slave revolts that finally secured Haiti’s independence in 1804 ruined plantations across the island. Afterwards, the newly freed Haitians attempted to resume the large scale production. But, this effort was a failed one. Eventually, the plantations were distributed in the form of small scale farms. It is important to note, though, that these farms were mainly government owned and began a long history of government property ownership (Watkins, 2012). Further... ...Watkins, T. (2012, April 02). Department of economics. Retrieved from http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/haiti.htm Mackey, R. (2010, August 16). France asked to return money ‘extorted’ from haiti. Retrieved from http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/france-asked-to-return-money-extorted-from-haiti/ Dunkel, G. (2003, October 16). U.s. embargoes against haiti -- from 1806 to 2003 . Retrieved from http://www.iacenter.org/haiti/embargoes.htm Ives, K. (2010, July 14). Land ownership at the crux of haiti's stalled reconstruction. Retrieved from http://upsidedownworld.org/main/news-briefs-archives-68/2589-land-ownership-at-the-crux-of-haitis-stalled-reconstruction Transparency.org. (2011). Retrieved from http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results/ SICE. (2012). Foreign trade information systmes. Retrieved from http://sice.oas.org/ctyindex/HTI/HTINatlDocs_e.asp

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND NURTURE IN NEPAL AND IN THE USA :: Essays Papers

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND NURTURE IN NEPAL AND IN THE USA The meaning of family varies from place to place and from culture to culture. One all-encompassing definition that describes every type of family across the board does not exist. For instance, in places like China children can be raised apart from their father and mother in a group of women, but still count themselves a family. Alan C. Acock in his book Family Diversity and Well Being states that a married couple with no children is not considered a family (122), but some married couples may contest this theory. In fact, there are more variations on modern family structure than ever before, including non-traditional families where grandparents raise their grandchildren, adoptive families, foster families, and blended families with children from two or more sets of parents (â€Å"Power Tools†). Despite the challenges faced by many families today, I believe that the children of the current generation—known as Generation Y—can thrive as long as they receive nur ture and enrichment from their family members. As a member of Generation Y myself, I speak from first-hand experience. In the following paragraphs, I will give an account of my own upbringing in Nepal that led to my current status as a college student in the USA. I will also briefly describe family structures in America, and compare them to Nepali family structure. In the end, I propose that nurture is the key to producing well-adjusted children today, regardless of family type or where the children are raised. In Nepal, I experienced both the progressive style of family living and the older medieval style where custom and tradition count first no matter what. More than 90% of the people in Nepal who were born between 1978 and 1998 (the Generation Y youth) still live in old medieval-style families where cultural rules govern everyday life. The people of Nepal are socially segmented along lines of caste, sub-caste and ethnicity, and values and traditions also differ from one caste to another. In my caste, called Gurung, it would be permissible for me to marry my own uncle or aunt’s daughter, culturally speaking. Other castes, especially Brahmin, consider marriage between cousins a sin—something very bad. My ancestors practiced these kinds of marriages within a family in order to make the existing family stronger and inseparable.

Gross Negligence Manslaughter Essay

â€Å"In our judgement the law is clear. The ingredients of the offence have been clearly defined, and the principles decided in the House of Lords in Adomako . They involve no uncertainty. The hypothetical citizen, seeking to know his his position, would be advised that, assuming he owed a duty of care to the deceased which he had negligently broken, and that death resulted, he would be liable to conviction for manslaughter if, on the available evidence, the jury was satisfied that his negligence was gross. â€Å" Per Judge LJ R. v. Misra and Srivastava [2004] EWCA Crim 2375 para 64 (in the Court of Appeal Criminal Division) In light of the above comments, consider the elements of the offence of Gross Negligence Manslaughter and, referring to relevant authority, critically assess whether the current law in this area is certain and satisfactory. This paper is going to consider elements of the offence of Gross Negligence Manslaughter and will assess, whether the current law in this area is certain and satisfactory. In order to discuss whether the law governing Gross Negligence Manslaughter is in a certain and satisfactory state, I need to first consider its elements and then look at the current law, outlining the problems, and lastly discuss the proposed changes. Gross negligence manslaughter is a form of involuntary manslaughter where the defendant is apparently acting lawfully. Involuntary manslaughter may arise where the defendant has caused death but neither intended to cause it nor intended to cause serious bodily harm and therefore lacks the mens rea of murder. Whereas constructive manslaughter happens where the defendant commits an unlawful act which results in death, gross negligence manslaughter does not depend on representing an unlawful act has been committed. It can be said to apply where the defendant commits a lawful act in such a way as to render the actions criminal. Gross negligence manslaughter also differs from constructive manslaughter in that it can be committed by omission. The leading authority for gross negligence manslaughter is decision of the House of Lords in Adomako (1994) , where doctor Adomako’s actions of negligence caused his patient’s death. It was decided by Lord Mackay, that liability for this type of manslaughter arises where the jury decides that â€Å"Having regard to the risk of death involved, the conduct of the defendant was as bad in all the circumstances as to amount in their judgement to a criminal act or omission† In Adomako, House of Lords decided that gross negligence test is correct to use in all cases where duty of care has been broken. According to Adomako case, the following elements are considered to be a form of this involuntary manslaughter: the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty resulting in death and gross negligence which the jury consider justifies criminal conviction. I will now study the first element of the gross negligence manslaughter offence which is duty of care. The criminal law recognise certain duty situations, Adomako itself involved a breach of duty owed by a hospital anaesthetic towards a patient (under a contract of employment). The requirement of a duty of care is fundamentally a civil law concept found in the law of tort. (Wacker [2003]). D owes a duty of care not to injure anyone whom he or she could reasonably foreseeably injure. Applying that to this context, there is a duty of care if there was a risk that an act or omission of the defendant might kill the victim. As it is a legal concept, it is for the judge to decide whether a set of facts gave rise to a duty of care. When bearing in mind the Adomako, the House of Lords approved the case of Stone v Dobinson (1977), in which D had undertaken a duty of care. The Miller principle, in turn, was used as the basis of the duty in the recent gross negligence manslaughter of Evans (2009), which decided that a duty may be imposed on those who ‘create or contribute to â€Å"life threatening situation†.. Alan Lidbury, in his book Criminal Law, asks the following question ‘so is the ambit of the offence limited to those who, for whatever reason, have either undertaken or had a duty imposed upon them or should it be wider ’’? Lord Mackay LC, when considering the case of Adomako, said that ‘’the ordinary principles of law of negligence apply to ascertain whether or not D has been in breach of a duty of care towards the victim’’. By looking at the above statement, it is clear that those same principles should apply in determining these people to whom a duty of care is owed. These principles can be found in the leading negligence case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). In this case, Lord Atkin in the House of Lords said you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour (†¦) persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question’’. It can be argued that this goes much further than the traditional duty situations. If this examination is correct, then this form of manslaughter has certainly a very wide scope. Nevertheless, the principles of criminal and civil law do not always go well together. This is demonstrated by the case of Wacker (2003), which involved the bodies of 58 illegal immigrants and two survivors which were found in a lorry at Dover. The D was convicted of 58 counts of manslaughter by gross negligence and appealed. He argued that because the illegal immigrants had shared the same purpose as him (gain access to the UK), he did not owe them a duty of care. This argument was rejected by Court of Appeal on the grounds that the public policy issues relating to civil law were different to criminal law and even where there was an fundamental unlawful purpose, he did not prevent criminal responsibility arising. The above case was followed by Willoughby (2004), where the court decided that D, as participant in a joint enterprise, owed the other participant a duty of care. The next element of gross negligence manslaughter which needs to be examined is a breach of duty of care. The ordinary law of negligence applies to these cases, in that those with an established duty of care, must act as a â€Å"reasonable person would do in their position†. If they fail to do so they breach that duty. This is called an objective test and will be grounded upon defendant’s situation at the time of the breach. Thus, if the defendant’s actions were within the range of what was commonly accepted as being the standard practice, it will be problematic to describe such behaviour as falling far below the standard of a reasonable person in his position. An unqualified person is not to be judged at a lower standard than a qualified person. Hence the absence of skill will not be a defence if the conduct is considered negligent. If however, the defendant has precise skills and knowledge of a danger that the reasonable person would not have, his actions should be judged in the light of those skills or knowledge. This test is an objective test. In the case of R v DPP ex parte Jones (2000) it was decided that no matter whether the defendant did not escalate the risk (the predictable risk of death) only that the risk would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the defendant’s position. The third and last element to consider is gross negligence. Just demonstrating that D has been in breach of a duty to another person and caused that person’s death will certainly not lead to liability for gross negligence manslaughter. There is something more necessary. In Adomako, the House of Lords confirmed that the correct test for this additional component was ‘‘gross negligence’’. This established a line of case law dating back to Bateman (1925), which as well as Adomako, involved negligent treatment by a doctor which caused patient to die. In this cases, it was explained by Lord Hewart LCJ that in order to establish criminal liability for gross negligence ‘the negligence of the accused went beyond a mere matter of compensation between subjects and showed such disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime against the state and conduct deserving punishment’’. This passage may be criticised for being somewhat imprecise, it tells the jury to convict if they think that D’s negligence was bad enough to amount to the misconduct. Nevertheless, the Bateman test received approval from the House of Lords in Andrews v DPP (1937), which involved death by extremely negligent driving. The Bateman case has also been approved in Adomako, where Lord Mackay LC stated that it was for the jury to ‘’consider whether the extent to which D’s conduct departed from the proper standard of care incumbent on him (†¦) was such that it should be judged criminal â€Å". Lord Mackay acknowledged that the test â€Å"involves an element of circularity† but was adamant that the matter had to be left to the jury. In Andrews, Lord Atkins at least offered some direction on exactly how ‘bad’ D’s negligence has to be. He said that ‘a very high degree of negligence is required to be proved’. Mere inattention by D would never suffice for criminal liability, D must have had a ‘criminal disregard’ for ‘others’ safety or the grossest unawareness or the most criminal inattention. In Mistra v Srivastava (2004), Court of Appeal held that the components of gross negligence manslaughter involved no vagueness which offended against Article 7 of the European Convention of Human Rights, which provides that â€Å"no one shall be guilty of any criminal offence on the basis of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed (†¦)† It had been argued that the application of the ECHR into British law via Human Rights Act 1998 meant that the principles set in Adomako were no longer a good law. The disagreement was put for the appellants that condition leaves it to the jury to decide a query of law, specifically whether the negligence initiating death amounted to gross negligence and so created a crime. To leave this assessment to be accomplished by different juries at each individual trial affords too little direction to those who owe duties of care. This absence of precision is compounded by indirectness: gross negligence manslaughter is any killing in breach of duty found to be grossly negligent. The disagreement failed. The court did not reflect that the jury had a law-making role when determining, on the facts demonstrated, whether D was guilty of manslaughter on the basis of a negligent breach of burden owed to victim. Whether the negligence was effectively bad as to be â€Å"gross† negligence was a matter of fact. If the jury made a conclusion to this effect, a decision of guilty would follow inevitably on the basis of the conclusion; the verdict of guilt was not something complementary to the outcome. The jury were merely finding facts within the boundaries of a legal standard, and the legal standard was reasonably clear to please the necessities of Article 7. On the face of it, the Article 7 dispute had particular strength. If someone remained to request, say, in what situations would D be said to have â€Å"murdered† V, we could tell our inquirer that, all other things comparable, D murders V if he causes V’s death with intent to kill or to cause really serious bodily harm. If there is time and patience, we could go on and tell him about the history of the courts and the sense of intent, the notions of the law of provocation, etc. But if, sensibly, we restrain ourselves to a simple explanation of the offence, we have specified sufficient proof to allow any person of ordinary personality to stay clear of the rules of the law of homicide. So far if we were enquired by D, a young medic at the beginning of her profession, what she must do if she is not to be sentenced for manslaughter, the discussion would unavoidably be longer. For instance, she might ask what would be her situation if, throughout the path of a widespread of infection, she misdiagnosed V’s meningitis as a case of flu, a fault which leads to the decease of victim. She might additionally ask whether her inexperience and any fatigue from overtask would be factors in her support, or whether it would be applicable if she was seeing many cases of flu at the period which presented signs comparable to those experienced by victim. Undoubtedly we could offer support implied in general terms, but to offer anything impending adequate direction we would need to talk to an experienced and qualified medical consultant to catch some logic of how bad a fault it is to cloud flu with meningitis. Coming to conclusion, the fact of the matter is that if a legal system in the common law practise is to avoid unnecessary particularity in criminal guideline, for many offences it must use, as definitional features, evaluative principles of substantial generality. Regularly, the most the law will say are things like, â€Å"if you drive a car, drive with due care and attention, if you take and retain someone else’s property, and make sure you are acting honestly. Numerous of additional samples could be specified. Wherever the jury is given the concluding say on whether D has failed to encounter such a standard, its task is observed, juridical, as concerning an outcome of fact rather than a judgment of law. Much would be vanished if violations reliant on on such outcomes were to be eliminated from the law. Regrettably, one price to be paid is that individuals matter to laws drafted in this way can only be assumed with comprehensive, â€Å"ball park† advice as to the conditions where they can misbehave against such laws. That seems to be satisfactory to please the necessities of Article 7.

Task Two Cathy Ann Wilson-Bates Western Governors

Task Two Cathy Ann Wilson-Bates Western Governors University EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE & APPLIED NURSING RESEARCH EBP 1 Brenda Luther, PhD, RN January 25, 2012 Task Two Introduction: What I have learned about working with children in a chronic healthcare setting like dialysis is that they are resilient beings with the propensity for rapid changes in their medical condition. Children almost always surprise me in their unique description of symptoms and pain. Depending on their age, they may not be able to describe the symptoms they feel or tell me â€Å"where it hurts†.A simple ear ache may be described as a â€Å"drum in my ear† or may be observed with non verbal cues like tugging on the ear. Acute Otitis Media is seen quite often during the cold and flu season. Recent clinical guidelines suggest waiting twenty four to seventy two hours before beginning antibiotic therapy. Parents of children with symptoms of otitis media are accustomed to receiving a prescription for ant ibiotics before they leave the medical office. Adults as well are preconditioned for the little white slip of paper from their physician. You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanWaiting twenty four to seventy two hours to evaluate the need for antibiotics will definitely reduce the over-prescription of antibiotics as well as their efficacy. The waiting and watching of several days may seem like an eternity to a parent caring for a sick and crying child. Educating parents during routine visits to the physician office about the risks of over-prescribing antibiotics will help when the physician needs to discuss the possibility of waiting and evaluating before prescribing antibiotics.Providing a list of comfort measures parents can follow may help relieve the anxiety they have in caring for a sick child. Any comfort measure taken to reduce crying is helpful to the parent of a sick child, but mostly to the child. The following table and paragraphs will share the results of how one group of nurses at an outpatient clinic used clinical evidence to manage this situation. Source |Type of Resource |Source appr opriate or |Type of Research | | |general information, |inappropriate |primary research evidence, | | |filtered, or unfiltered | |evidence summary, evidence-based | | | | |guideline, or none of these | |American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of|Filtered |Appropriate |Evidence-based guideline | |Family Physicians. Clinical practice guideline: | | | | |Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. | | | |Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and |Unfiltered |Appropriate |Evidence-based guideline | |therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. | | | | |Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. | | | | |Ear, nose, and Throat, Current pediatric diagnosis and|General |Inappropriate |None of these | |treatment. | | | | |Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of |Filtered |Appropriate |Evidence –based guideline | |increasing microbial resistance.Pediatric Infectious| | | | |Disease Journal | | | | |Results from interviews with parents who have brought |Unfilte red |Appropriate |Primary research evidence | |their children into the clinic for acute otitis media. | | | | | | | | | Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. (2004). American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Manegment of Acute Otitis Media. American Academy of Pediatrics , Vol. 13 No 5 1451-1465. This article is an evidence-based clinical guideline. It is a systematic review making it a filtered resource which is very appropriate for this situation. The article describes the current, (as of 2004) recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Acute Otitis Media (Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media, 2004). These guidelines show several different ways to treat acute otitis media depending on the symptoms of the child. It states that sometimes waiting to give antibiotics is good and sometimes waiting to give antibiotics is not good. This article is appropriate and provides clarity on the topic. Block, S. L. (1997).Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. The Pediatric Infectious disease Journal , Volume 16 (4) pp 449-456. This article discusses antibiotic resistance and describes the bacterial pathogens which are responsible for infections causing acute otitis media. This article is appropriate. It contains a comparison of studies performed based on the different types of bacteria which cause acute otitis media. It stresses the importance of identifying the bacteria causing the infection before giving antibiotics so that number one the bacteria can be eradicated and other bacteria will not become resistant (Block, 1997).PE Kelley, N. F. (2006). Ear, Nose and. In M. L. W. W. Hay, Current Pediatric Diagnoisis and Treatment (pp. 459-492). Lang. This textbook source contains general information on the ear, nose and throat. There is much more information here regarding basic anatomy and physiology as well as characteristics of the ear nose and throat. The information regarding otitis media is basic and not an appropriate source of research in this situation for three reasons. Number one, the information is very basic, number two, it does not give any up to date information on how to treat this type of infection, and number three there is too much non-relevant information.McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , Volume 17(6) pp576-579. This article is a review of the known etiologies that may cause acute otitis media. The article gives up to date information on therapeutic approaches when selecting an appropriate antibiotic therapy. We don’t practice â€Å"cookie cutter† medicine. The same prescription is not always right for all patients or all communities where some bacteria’s may be more prevalent than others (McCracken, 1998). This is appropriate information f or this group of people or community. media, P. o. (n. d. ).Interviews. (C. nurses, Interviewer) This set of interviews is simply raw data. General information can however provide great insight as to what is happening out in the community. For example, this information might shed light on the fact that if the parents are willing to hold off on antibiotics for example, would they be more likely to follow up and come back into the clinic when asked? The reaction of parents is dependent upon other several basic factors like finances, a belief system and possibly the ability to obtain transportation. Knowing how the community is going to respond to their choice may have a great effect on the decisions they make.When evaluating the findings of these sources cumulatively, one must first determine the causative pathogens infecting patients in this given community with acute otitis media. After pathogen determination we can determine which antibiotics may be most useful in eradicating the g iven bacteria. Careful selection of antibiotic therapy will reduce the propensity for antibiotic resistance. Watchful waiting may be a good thing from the perspective of increasing microbial resistance however we must always evaluate patients on their individual needs or on a patient by patient case. One size doesn’t always fit all. Patient education is the key to keeping the public informed of current practice.Physicians and Nurses need to be consistent in the lesson plan shared with patients and remain true to our scope of practice. Communication is essential between the physician, nurse and other multidisciplinary team members in order to provide the best care. There are many considerations in assessing if patients are able to withstand the waiting and evaluation period. Low income families are one example of how the waiting and watching method might not work. Parents may have to take time off work to come to clinic with a sick child. They might struggle finding money for the additional return trip to the clinic and may risk losing their job if they take more time off work.Many low income families may have already waited before seeking help thus creating their own watchful waiting period. They also may not be able to afford antibiotics and as a result may not give the full dose if symptoms have subsided. The perception is that they will save the medication for the next time symptoms arise. Confidentiality might be an issue in smaller communities. People tend to be concerned about neighbors and co-workers and some may not care to share their experience with others. This may be an issue for parents who don’t share custody as in the case of divorce. It is a greater issue when parents or partners don’t share the same fundamental values, especially those related to healthcare. Conclusion:Watchful waiting like the nurses in this clinic are looking at may be useful for some of the patients, but not all. Again, a one size fits all philosophy is not always appropriate in healthcare. Tools like algorithms may be helpful in determining the appropriateness for watching and waiting versus immediate action as determined by physical findings and social circumstances like parental adherence for follow up and ability to afford treatment. Whatever course you choose, watchful waiting or immediate antibiotics the best practice remains a plan of care based on the individual needs of our patients. References Block, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media.The Pediatric Infectious disease Journal , Volume 16 (4) pp 449-456. McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , Volume 17(6) pp576-579. media, P. o. (n. d. ). Interviews. (C. nurses, Interviewer) PE Kelley, N. F. (2006). Ear, Nose and. In M. L. W. W. Hay, Current Pediatric Diagnoisis and Treatment (pp. 459-492). Lan g. Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. (2004). American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Manegment of Acute Otitis Media. American Academy of Pediatrics , Vol. 113 No 5 1451-1465.